A Simple How to use MiniDLNA on OpenWRT

SSH/Telnet into the Router
The configuration file is located at /etc/config/minidlna
The database file is located at /var/run/minidlna/files.db
An example config file as shown below:

config minidlna 'config'
    option port '8200'
    option interface 'br-lan'
    option db_dir '/var/run/minidlna'
    option log_dir '/var/log'
    option inotify '1'
    option model_number '1'
    option root_container '.'
    option album_art_names 'Cover.jpg/cover.jpg/AlbumArtSmall.jpg/albumartsmall.jpg/AlbumArt.jpg/albumart.jpg/Album.jpg/album.jpg/Folder.jpg/folder.jpg/Thumb.jpg/thumb.jpg'
    option enabled '1'
    list media_dir '/home/Share/Movies/'
    option notify_interval '3600'
    option friendly_name 'MiniDLNA Server'
    option serial '13847284'

You can change the friendly_name which will be displayed in your network on Windows 7.
Also you can change the media directory.
It should be located on your external harddisk.
The example above shows it is at /home/Share/Movies/
What happens when your files does not show?

First check if the service is started or do the following

/etc/init.d/minidlna enable && /etc/init.d/minidlna start
/etc/init.d/miniupnpd enable && /etc/init.d/miniupnpd start

If it still does not show the files but you can access the collection it means the database has been populated with an empty file.
To rectify the issue delete the database file do:

rm /var/run/minidlna/files.db

Then restart MiniDLNA and it will rescan your Harddisk Drive for Media

/etc/init.d/mindlna restart

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OpenWRT TL-WDR3600/4300/4310 Release

Finally after some testing and being quite satisfied by the results I release the firmware for TL-WDR3600/4300/4310.
Although they seemed like 3 Router but they are actually based on the same SoC Platform.
WDR4310 is the China Local version, WDR4300 is the International version and WDR3600 is the International version with 1 antenna not connected.
Basically after customizing the configs and build flags (it is targeted at mips74kc processor) it can achieve 400+Mbps after disabling MSS Fix and Layer 7 Filtering.
Binaries and Source available here.
Revert to factory also available in the backup folder.
Note that factory firmware due to the use of the Atheros Switch Hardware NAT module can achieve higher rates of 800+Mbps compared to OpenWRT.
The feature set in this firmware is identical to that of TL-WR1043ND that I have compiled.
Any brilliant feedback is welcome =)

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Important video everyone should watch and think about

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Retards From DMCA Microsoft

This is a shame post, to shame the retards at Microsoft who DMCA anything they can get their dirty hands on without even bothering to check.
I got this stupid DMCA notice just today.

Dear MediaFire User:

MediaFire has received notification under the provisions of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act ("DMCA") that your usage of a file is allegedly infringing on the file creator's copyright protection.

The file named Activator.zip is identified by the key (mnzdmwwymzw).

As a result of this notice, pursuant to Section 512(c)(1)(C) of the DMCA, we have suspended access to the file.

The reason for suspension was:

URL: http://mediafire.com
DATE: 16 October 2013

Dear Sir or Madam,

Microsoft has received information that the domain listed above, which appears to be on servers under your control, is offering unlicensed copies of, or is engaged in other unauthorized activities relating to copyrighted works published by Microsoft.

1. Identification of copyrighted works:

Copyrighted work(s):

Office 2013
Windows XP Professional

Copyright owner: Microsoft

2. Copyright infringing material or activity found at the following location(s):

http://mediafire.com/?mnzdmwwymzw <- This file is mine
http://mediafire.com/?40xekevo25gqn8k <- This file does not belong to me
http://mediafire.com/?mf8k7rqy5zvatar <- This file does not belong to me

The above computer program(s) is being made available for copying, through downloading, at the above location without authorization of the copyright owner.

3. Statement of authority:

The information in this notice is accurate, and I hereby certify under penalty of perjury that DtecNet, Inc. is authorized to act on behalf of Microsoft, the owner of the copyright(s) in the work(s) identified above. I have a good faith belief that none of the materials or activities listed above have been authorized by Microsoft, its agents, or the law.

We hereby give notice of these activities to you and request that you take expeditious action to remove or disable access to the material described above, and thereby prevent the illegal reproduction and distribution of this copyrighted work via your company's network.

We appreciate your cooperation in this matter. Please advise us regarding what actions you take.

If you have some issues please reply to info.antipiracy@dtecnet.com, reply to no-reply@dtecnet.com will be ignored.

Yours sincerely,

MarkMonitor Anti-Piracy Team

On behalf of Microsoft Corporation
One Microsoft Way
Redmond, WA 98052
United States of America

E-mail: info.antipiracy@dtecnet.com

Information about the party that filed the report:

Company Name: Microsoft LCA World Wide Anti-Piracy Team
Contact Address: One Microsoft Way, Redmond WA 98052
Contact Name: Peter Anaman
Contact Phone: +1 (425) 705-4165
Contact Email: panaman@microsoft.com

Copyright infringement violates MediaFire's Terms of Service. MediaFire accounts that experience multiple incidents of alleged copyright infringement without viable counterclaims may be terminated.

If you feel this suspension was in error, please submit a counterclaim by following the process below.

Step 1. Click on the following link to open the counterclaim webpage.

<Link to Counter Claim>

Step 2. Use this PIN on the counterclaim webpage to begin the process:

*****

Step 3. Fill in the fields on the counterclaim form with as much detail as possible.

This is a post-only mailing. Replies to this message are not monitored or answered.

The problem is that the file does not contain any

Office 2013 and Windows XP Professional Software/Cracks.
If you bothered to open up the file you will find it is a fscking BOOTDISK CREATOR for upgrading BIOS you retards! 
Nothing to do with your crappy Software!
With this I am convinced that DMCA notices are being filed indiscriminately worldwide by automated bot.
I think everyone should be allowed to ignore such notices.
There should be some law for compensation for filing invalid notices.
Since when was guilty until proven innocent the default?

PS: If you want to see how a retard looks like here is a picture.

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A possible solution to reduce frequency of TX DMA errors

A possible solution to reduce the frequency of the TX DMA errors is as follows:
Log in via SSH/telnet,
Copy and paste the following line

uci set wireless.radio0.diversity=1 && uci set wireless.radio0.rxantenna=0x7 && uci set wireless.radio0.txantenna=0x3 && uci commit wireless && wifi

The command forces diversity and makes txantenna 0x3 and rxantenna 0x7

You should see this when you cat the /etc/config/wireless file

    ..............................
    option diversity '1'
    option rxantenna '0x7'
    option txantenna '0x3'
    ..............................

This might help as well:

option disassoc_low_ack '0'

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How to block advertisement using OpenWRT

This is how I block advertisement at DNS level on OpenWRT.
Blocking at DNS level is advisable because it does not impact bandwidth and latency.
Simply said it tricks your computer that your loopback address is where adserver are located but cannot be found so adservers are ignored totally.
AdServers are becoming more and more of a nuisance.

1. They serve up malware advertisement, 
2. They load flash advertisements which waste bandwidth and increase latency. 
3. They run javascripts to try and "take over" your web browser via redirection and popups.

If you run adblocker on client computers it becomes harder to manage when the number of client systems increase.
Fortunately OpenWRT makes this easy with the use of dnsmasq.
My web surfing experience has since greatly improved since
Here is how to do it in 2 steps(Yes it is that simple and powerful with Linux):

1.  SSH into your router
2. Copy and paste this Command into the terminal

wget -O /etc/dnsmasq.conf "http://pgl.yoyo.org/as/serverlist.php?hostformat=dnsmasq&showintro=1&startdate[day]=&startdate[month]=&startdate[year]=&mimetype=plaintext" && /etc/init.d/dnsmasq restart

What this script does is telling your Router to http://pgl.yoyo.org/adservers/ to get a list of known adservers in a dnsmasq friendly format and save it to /etc/dnsmasq.conf if that command is successful then restart dnsmasq.

After that you will soon notice the disappearance of many irritating advertisement when using the web .
Hopefully this improves your web surfing experience as well as let you realise and embrace the power of shell scripting.

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Unscientific Comparison Between Router Firmwares

Before you continue reading, this piece is written by a OpenWRT user so you should expect some degree of bias towards OpenWRT specifically my builds but I backed this up with data. It should be reproducible.
LAN to WAN methodology is described here.

This post is about my testing of various firmware available for TL-WR1043ND Router.
Since the Router is TP-Link branded, all comparisons will be using TP-Link factory firmware as a standard.
The performance comparison would be LAN to WAN over Gigabit Ethernet Static NAT Routing.

I tested a total of 5 firmwares:

1. Stock TP-Link firmware
2. DD-WRT
3. Gargoyle
4. OpenWRT
5. OpenWRT with tweaks

Observations

 TP-Link firmware

My assessment on this firmware is that it is targeted as a standard multimedia Router, offering MediaServer, Samba and FTP on a Single Router.

It is a firmware with fixed flash partitions with a small sector for storing your Router settings persistently.The webserver uses a frame layout to reload only a single page, the setting page in the center. There is not much I can say about it except the Routing Performance.

It averages below 140Mbps. Performance may vary based on the running processes but by default there is very little running processes to tune so you can estimate the max to be 150Mbps. It uses the standard GCC mips cross compiler to generate the firmware which partly explains the mediocre performance. It would be suitable for users with a subscription line of 100Mbps.

DD-WRT firmware

Now DD-WRT is a very interesting software. Yes I first started on 3rd Party firmware on DD-WRT which I later moved on to OpenWRT. However DD-WRT firmware was quite interesting I took a closer look at it.

DD-WRT is structured very much like TP-Link firmware it has only 64KB fixed partition for storing user settings, although there are ways to enable optware.

All the features seen on the webserver is all the features you can access.

1 thing is for sure, it is jam packed with features. 1 feature which stock I could not find on DD-WRT but could find on stock firmware is the media server. This however does not come as a surprise, the biggest package to enable mediaserver feature is the ffmpeg codec which is impossible to fix into DD-WRT which is already jam packed with features.

When I telnet into router it shows that the router uses GCC linaro 4.8 compiler to optimize the firmware as the same as OpenWRT.

It uses some of OpenWRT's components and also a updated kernel version 3.5.7.

The web interface while it looks nice seems messy to someone using OpenWRT for a long time. By default all additional features are disabled so the Routing test below is probably the best you can get. Performance isn't bad.

It maxes at below 250Mbps so it will be good for 200Mbps lines.

Gargoyle

Gargoyle is based on OpenWRT with its own javascript based user interface on top. It prides on its control over QoS Services. It uses linaro gcc 4.6 like OpenWRT. Technically speaking it should perform around the same as OpenWRT however this is not the case as I have seen later. Some differentiating features not found by default on other firmware is the Tor routing function. It allows installation of addition software as like OpenWRT JJFS persistent storage is mounted on top of the read only squashfs but the software repository is limited. This Gargoyle firmware which I tested is based on OpenWRT Attitude Adjustment. After disabling MSS Fix a optional iptable feature which slows down routing the results are as shown.

As shown in the chart routing performance averages above 170Mbps. If a bandwidth margin is considered it would be good for 150Mbps connection.

OpenWRT Attitude Adjustment

This is the standard OpenWRT Attitude Adjustment release, it comes bare with very little features out of box. After disabling MSS fix the following result is obtained.

It averages below 250Mbps like DD-WRT so it should be good for 200Mbps line.

OpenWRT Attitude Adjustment Optimized

This is my build of OpenWRT Attitude Adjusment for WR1043ND.

Basically I added features functionally equivalent to stock firmware, added a couple of additional features like L7 filter(also found in DD-WRT but disabled by default). The build is platform specific optimized and targeted at MIP24Kc Processor. I also included Web Optimizations and Fixes and stripped out all debugging features I can find. You can either have debug or performance but not both. Basically this is OpenWRT on steroids. After many trial and error I finalised it when there is consistent observable improvement.

To make the comparison fair I disabled L7 filter and MSS fix(Actually it outperforms the rest even without it at 270Mbps!).

So below is the result of it without L7 filter and MSS fix.

So this goes to show how optimization can improve performance on embedded system. This post might invite flaming between 3rd party firmware die hard fans but I think the graphs speak for themselves.

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Moving to OpenShift and Back to Github

Moved everything related into github.
Simply Fast Convenient.
Should have done that long ago.

Attitude Adjustment TP-Link WR1043ND Backup Download
Attitude Adjustment TP-Link WR1043ND Firmware Download

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OpenWRT Release Tagged

For users on fibre you can set port priority using swconfig

swconfig dev rtl8366rb port 1 set priority 1

To check 

 swconfig dev rtl8366rb port 1 get priority

To get it to run persistently on boot
echo 'swconfig dev rtl8366rb port 1 set priority 1' >> rc.local
This will only work on patched rtl8366rb drivers.
For unpatch openwrt firmware you have to use vconfig.

Updated to R37083

Attitude Adjustment with full ipv6 support including LuCI.
Downgrade the dhcpmasq to a non ipv6 version as the function is already added into the default Attitude Adjustment.
Review all the LuCI options and fix them, expose more wifi options.
This release is really a good one!.

For WR1043ND
"-Os  -pipe -march=24kc -mno-mips16 -mgp32 -fno-caller-saves -mno-branch-likely -mplt -msym32"

I also patched lighttpd to use
server.network-backend = "linux-sendfile"
server.event-handler = "linux-sysepoll"

This is done by patching the Makefile to enable linux-sendfile function which I do not know why it was disabled in OpenWRT's lighttpd Makefile.
I did it by #undef sendfile_broken and #define have_send_file

I managed to add the repo to github
OpenWRT  TL-WDR4300
OpenWRT TL-WR1043ND

For my jperf (iperf +java frontend) I recorded increase in NAT speeds for both Routers but I would like those with highspeed internet to give me feedbacks.

Reminder: setting Wireless Region to 'US ' unlocks all "Wireless Goodness"

You can check updates on OpenWRT side using their development site.

Cheers!

Update:

Updates refreshed.
Removed Atheros Options since they are actually not support from documentation.
Integrate Jumbo Switch and Storm Filter since there are no issues.

Attitude Adjustment is Tagged and released!

I have also released a Beta version with Jumbo Frames and Storm Filtering
ssh into the router and use

swconfig dev rtl8366rb show (to display switch setting)

swconfig dev rtl8366rb set max_length 3

swconfig dev rtl8366rb set apply (apply the settings)

The rest you can figure out on your own using help option.

Note that the Jumbo Frame is a switch only option reason is that the AR9132 SoC DOES NOT SUPPORT JUMBO FRAME only the switch RTL8366RB do.

I have just release another update, changes are as follows:
-Rename some of the stuff in LuCI
-Removal of excess packages(torrents etc) now 1.8 MB left for you to install the stuff you want

1. There is a lot of feedback from people who want to install specific packages for their own needs so the best way is to give them space to do that.

-Compress Javascript and CSS
-Update certain packages
-Rename PnP and uShare modules device information
-Remove pure-ftpd and added vsftpd with TLS
(managed to compile successfully and tested it)

1. vsftpd with TLS does encrypted FTP using less flash and less RAM 

Added Port Monitoring Patches to the switch driver of both Routers

OpenWRT Attitude Adjustment Release For TL-WDR4300
LAN to WAN Wired Benchmark Software Routing

OpenWRT Attitude Adjustment Release for TL-WR1043ND
LAN to WAN Wired Benchmark Software Routing

With L7-Protocol and QoS (Default Configuration)

With L7-Protocol and QoS Service Stopped MSS disabled

Wireless LAN to WAN (2M Line of Sight)
With L7-Protocol and QoS Service Stopped MSS disabled
Using AES WPA2-PSK encryption 40MHZ Fat Channel, noscan enabled dtim_period=1
Basically what you can expect on Wireless.
Note: Results may vary due to interference of surrounding networks

As usual
Factory for upgrading from TP-LINK stock firmware to OpenWRT firmware
Sysupgrade for upgrading from older OpenWRT version to newer OpenWRT version

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Fedora 18 Installation Review

When Fedora 18 was released there was alot of negative reviews about it.
I have to agree with a lot of these opinions.
The LiveCD was badly done.
The installer was pure rubbish. In making the UI Touch Friendly a lot of core features for customising the installation was removed.
To me it was like hell freezing over for Linux. During installation I have to think 5 minutes before clicking to the next screen because I am never sure if the installer will nuke my second dual bootable partition, luckily I cautiously made it by double checking every process.
Finally I got it pretty usable after getting through the hellish installation process.

Stop making stupid UI and pissing off the loyal users!
People who continue to use Linux started as noobs and learn it because it is logical not because of stupid UI that works like crap but looks good.

I downloaded and installed KDE Spin, GNOME is crap.

KDE understands that Tablets are in nature different from Desktops.
They do have a Tablet Mode (it is called plasma) but it is hidden when you select the Desktop Mode.
They do not do stupid things like unifying Touch UI and Desktop UI when their input devices and nature are completely different.

So this post will give a general idea of how to survive Fedora 18 installation.

Things to note:
1) ALWAYS REVIEW the partition layout or the chance that it will nuke all other partitions is very high!

2) Add "nomodeset" to the end of the kernel booting parameter if you are using Nvidia Drivers on computer with a Nvidia Graphics Adapter otherwise it will hang during booting.

3) Remember to install the akmod for nvidia if you are using the Nvidia Graphics Adapter otherwise a kernel update will hang the booting process. The akmod acts as a backup nvidia kmod driver when the kernel was updated before the nvidia driver. You should install kmod-nvidia and akmod-nvidia together.

4) Add RPMFusion repository and if you want you can install steam repository if you want to game on it

5)Edit the file /etc/default/grub and add the following lines to get a pretty boot screen that matches your resolution.
In this example my resolution is 1366*768 (if your resolution is different just change the values accordingly):

GRUB_GFXMODE=1360x768x32
GRUB_GFXPAYLOAD=keep
GRUB_GFXPAYLOAD_LINUX=1360x768x32

Then run grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg as root/sudo
Also run dracut -f as root/sudo

6) Finally the following software are recommended:

• freetype-fonts
• vlc
• libreoffice
• chrome
• firefox
• adobe-flash
• elementary icons for a professional look
• You can also change the plymouth to use fedup animation instead of the default. (Use plymouth-set-default-theme)

Other than that all is well. The great thing about Linux is NO ONE can force a crap UI on you.
If GNOME screws up go KDE etc.
KDE allows you to configure everything to your preference, cuts your screen nicely into 4 if you need to compare different windows. An absolute joy to use.

Note that this guide isn't an installation guide, it is more of an advice to existing Linux users about the gotchas of Fedora 18.

Fedora 18 can be an awesome OS to use, provided you managed to get through the crappy installation. And avoid GNOME.

Thats it hope this can help you get through to enjoy Fedora 18!

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OpenWRT updates

It has been a while since I have written anything, but if you notice I have been updating the OpenWRT Attitude Adjustment Builds on TP-Link WR1043ND.

I have removed a lot of excess packages since so you can actually install the stuff you want. You can do extroot if there is still not enough.

Upgrading the firmware is actually a piece of cake, I do it in 5 minutes.
1) Make sure the backup utility in openwrt backs up the configuration you want.
2) Create archive using the backup utility
3) Flash and clear settings
4) Log in to router update time and disable unwanted startups
5) Upload the backup archive. Done!

Cheers.

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Celebrate IPv6 Day with OpenWRT

As of Attitude Adjustment and Trunk this article is no longer applicable to set up 6in4 please refer to the new guide on OpenWRT WikiPages.

6 June is World IPv6 day.
Major ISPs, home networking equipment manufacturers, and web companies around the world are coming together to permanently enable IPv6 for their products and services by 6 June 2012.
However not all Internet Service Provider support IPv6 for home users, however you can still get an IPv6 connection working by creating a IPv6 in IPv4 tunnel.
This is known as 6in4.
Your IPv6 packets will be encapsulated in IPv4 and sent via a Tunnel Broker via Hurricane Electric.
Hurricane Electric provides free tunnel brokers for end users. 
TP-Link WR1043ND originally does not support IPv6 however by using the firmware Image I have compiled and share, you can create a 6in4 tunnel to enable IPv6.
This is because I included 6in4 as well as radvd packages.
This post will show you how to create a IPv6 tunnel broker and setup the OpenWRT router to provide IPv6 connectivity to connected wifi devices.
 
First go to http://tunnelbroker.net/ to register & create a free account.
After signing up, log in.
You can create up to 5 tunnels.
You may want to choose a tunnel server closest to your country you live in.

After creating the tunnel click on Main Page then click on the tunnel link (boxed in red).

You will go to this page which contains all your tunnel configuration.

Click on Example Configuration and Select OpenWRT

Next Open Up OpenWRT LuCI Router Configuration Page and add a new Interface:

Name the new interface "henet"

Configure the interface:

Set Advance Settings:

Set Firewall Settings

Save and Apply.

In Altitude Adjustment a dnsmasq has a updated version called dnsmasq-dhcpv6.
If you want to use dnsmasq-dhcpv6 just add the 2 lines to your /etc/dnsmasq.conf

dhcp-range=2001:1234:5678:9101::,ra-names
enable-ra

The bold and underline octets refers to the HENET first 4 octets.
If you want to use radvd follow the guide below:

Now you need to configure Radvd to advertise the IPv6 Address to connected devices.
In OpenWRT choose Network -> Radvd



Follow the configuration below, remember to add 1 to the third octet, this is for a /64 IPv6 address only.
Click on the picture to zoom if you cannot see properly
 

Lastly click on interface -> lan
As above enter the same IPv6 address (35+1) in the IPv6 box

Remember to restart the interface and radvd.
You can now reconnect your wifi devices to the router.
It should be able to acquire IPv6 Addresses.
After that go to ipv6.google.com or www.kame.net/
For the webpages to display correctly your browser must be able to handle IPv6 as well.
Firefox, Internet Explorer and Chrome supports IPv6.

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OpenWRT Built for TP-Link WR1043ND

PLEASE READ THIS POST COMPLETELY TO PREVENT ISSUES WITH YOUR ROUTER

What this firmware does

This firmware aims to be an opensource replacement for the stock TP-Link firmware in the Wireless N Gigabit TL-WR1043ND Router.

The firmware aims to provide equivalent or better features compared stock firmware.

The firmware will also leave empty flash sectors for users to install addition packages for special features they require.
Unlike stock openwrt firmware, this is a firmware fully optimized for performance, optimization is targeted at the MIPS24Kc System On Chip, debugging features stripped and scripts are minified, compressed specifically for this Router platform.

It is advised to add a heatsink to the AR9132 SoC, it does get quite hot after flashing my custom OpenWT firmware during intensive processing.

Software Feature

1. Protoco Supported: Static/DHCP/Dual Stack/6in4/6to4/6rd/PPP/PPtP/PPPoE/3G UMTS/L2TP/Relay
2. LuCI GUI (Bootstrap) with Lighttpd Web Server
3. Dynamic DNS (Support HTTPS by skipping SSL Certificate checks)
4. QoS (Quality Of Service) Scripts
5. TinyProxy
6. UPnP (Universal Plug & Play)
7. SAMBA 3.6 (Windows File Sharing)
8. MultiWAN 
9. Harddisk Idle (Saves Power on attached External Harddisk when not in use)
10. Add User and Delete User accounts (no su function, use ssh root@youripaddress to get root while logged into router via SSH, this saves flash and achieves the same effect )
11. External Harddisk supporting only EXT2/3/4 FileSystem (NTFS is SLOW and FAT is unreliable, while the EXT Kernel Module allows support for all 3 versions of EXT Filesystem)
12. Vsftpd with SSL Support
13. MiniDLNA Media Sharing Server
14. Layer 7 Filtering
15. Transmission Bittorrent Capability GUI and CLI
16. Patched Realtek Switch Driver supporting (Port Priority/Port Mirroring/Jumbo Passthrough/BCStormFiltering/VLAN4K)
17. Reset to Defaults using the Reset Button GPIO
18. Full Wireless Support 64/128/152-bit WEP / WPA / WPA2,WPA-PSK / WPA2-PSK including Enterprise Radius Authentication
19. Ipset
20. Fdisk Partitioning Tool
21. Wake On LAN
22. USB Printer Server
23. Restore to OpenWRT default feature (just press and hold reset button)

Additional Optimizations

1. Expose more LuCI Options than Stock OpenWRT
2. Additional LuCI patching to improve GUI for touch devices
3. Optimized sysctl defaults
4. Compiler flags optimization
5. Additional packages are optimized for size
6. All Wireless Channels unlock (if US region is selected)
7. Max Transmit Power 24dbm
8. Tested NAT throughput > 250Mbps LAN to WAN using jperf
9. Minified CSS and Javascript 
10. Patched Switch Driver for additional functionality 
11. Remove additional debugging features from firmware

openwrt-ar71xx-tl-wr1043nd-v1-squashfs-factory.bin - For TP-Link WR1043ND that are NOT running OpenWRT

openwrt-ar71xx-tl-wr1043nd-v1-squashfs-sysupgrade.bin - For  TP-Link WR1043ND currently running OpenWRT

Before Flashing please read my previous posts about TP-Link WR1043ND to know what you are getting into. Consult the documentation @ OpenWRT Website or ask if you have any queries.

You can download and install additional packages through the OpenWRT repository (the package installer is built into LuCI) but it will occupy more space on the JJFS partitions.

Reboot After Disabling Unused Features For Better Performance

 

My custom firmware comes with loads of features, however OpenWRT by default enables all features so you might want to disable features you don't need.

This will boost the performance of services you need to run.
If you experience low performance due to insufficient memory, you might want to create and mount a swap partition.

DO NOT DISABLE IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS LIKE NETWORK!

If you cannot access the Router try holding down the reset button this will reset the Router back to default.
If you still cannot access the Router try serial ttl adapter.
(This cheap device can debrick all configuration lockups except the bootloader so don't touch the bootloader)

DO NOT UNINSTALL THE PACKAGES THAT ARE ALREADY THERE!

The image is built using squashfs so it is READ ONLY. If you try to uninstall it only removes the hardlinks, no space is saved. If you don't want a function just disable it.

USE TRANSMISSION ONLY WITH AN EXTERNALLY ATTACHED HARDDISK!

The Router only has 32MB of RAM, when you torrent, the files are over 1GB.

You need to configure Transmission in LuCI to write all data to the externally mounted harddisk!

By default Transmission writes to RAM because there is no harddisk.

-------------------------------Old Firmware & New Firmware Below-------------------------------

Make sure you have sufficient FREE RAM (Check using LuCI SystemInfo) before you Flash any firmware!

To free up memory for upgrading firmware, ssh into the router then type

sysctl -w vm.drop_caches=1

This will tell the kernel to drop page caches so memory is freed up for you to upgrade firmware. You need to free up memory because before the firmware is flashed to the flash memory, it has to be copied into the DRAM.
You can download the files here.

As I have posted I am shifting from Mediafire due to the issues I encountered as described in this post.

The new files will be available on my github below.
Attitude Adjustment TP-Link WR1043ND
Addition packages you can download and install into your OpenWRT Router to extend its capabilities.
Attitude Adjustment TP-Link WR1043ND Packages

If you want to build your own firmware, I have placed the files in the Git Repo below:
OpenWRT  TL-WDR4300
OpenWRT TL-WR1043ND
Please note that to minify the Javascript & CSS and fix LuCI naming run the scripts in the following order del.sh -> luci.sh -> closure.sh & yuicompressor.sh.
The path should be amended in the scripts according to where you place the buildroot.
If you want to add my changes to whatever router you have simply diff the files and take the changes you want.

It is recommended to reset the all the wireless client profiles to the router after an upgrade.

I achieved 300Mbps LAN to WAN over wire NAT on this firmware. To get the same results you need to
-Disable P2P Block
-Disable MSS Clamping in firewall
-Reboot

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Configuring Pure-FTPd with TLS on OpenWRT

This is a simple guide to configuring Pure-FTPd on OpenWRT which is available on the TP-Link WR1043ND OpenWRT Image I compiled.
Pure-FTPd is a secure FTP Server by www.pureftpd.org
Configuring OpenWRT is more like configuring a barebones Linux Terminal Server than many other commercial Routers. There is NO LuCI GUI for Pure-FTPd.
The reason why I chose Pure-Pure-FTPd is

• Offers Optional TLS Encryption on OpenWRT
• Not a very big FTP Server

First, you have to login via an SSH Client to your OpenWRT Router and get use to it if you are going to leverage on the Power and Flexibility on OpenWRT (If you custom compile OpenWRT without LuCI GUI you get to save even more flash memory!).

You can use any SSH Client, in Windows I recommend PuTTY while on Linux the built-in SSH will do. To learn how to login via CLI and edit files please go through the previous postings.

Pure-FTPd uses a few configuration files to set itself up.
Originally Pure-FTPd is designed to run without config files. Just run the binary with the correct switches it should set itself up but in OpenWRT it is designed to read the config file to set itself up.

To see the full switches on Pure-FTPd on OpenWRT simply cat the initialization scripts.

The initialization script is located in /etc/init.d/pure-ftpd

Run cat /etc/init.d/pure-ftpd  and you should see the following:

#!/bin/sh /etc/rc.common
# Copyright (C) 2006-2011 OpenWrt.org

START=50

# TODO: allow multiple instance to run with different pid-files

# XXX: pure-ftpd changes it's name to 'pure-ftpd (SERVER) ...'
SERVICE_MATCH_EXEC=
SERVICE_MATCH_NAME=1
SERVICE_USE_PID=1

append_bool() {
        local section="$1"
        local option="$2"
        local value="$3"
        local _val
        config_get_bool _val "$section" "$option" '0'
        [ "$_val" -gt 0 ] && append args "$3"
}

append_string() {
        local section="$1"
        local option="$2"
        local value="$3"
        local _val
        config_get _val "$section" "$option"
        [ -n "$_val" ] && append args "$3 $_val"
}

start_instance() {
        local section="$1"

        config_get_bool enabled "$section" 'enabled' '1'
        [ $enabled -gt 0 ] || return 1

        args=""
        append_string "$section" trustedgid "-a"
        append_string "$section" syslogfacility "-f"
        append_string "$section" fortunesfile "-F"
        append_string "$section" maxidletime "-I"
        append_string "$section" maxdiskusagepct "-k"
        append_string "$section" limitrecursion "-L"
        append_string "$section" anonymouscancreate "-M"
        append_string "$section" maxload "-m"
        append_string "$section" quota "-n"
        append_string "$section" altlog "-O"
        append_string "$section" passiveportrange "-p"
        append_string "$section" forcepassiveip "-P"
        append_string "$section" anonymousratio "-q"
        append_string "$section" userratio "-Q"
        append_string "$section" anonymousbandwidth "-t"
        append_string "$section" userbandwidth "-T"
        append_string "$section" minuid "-u"
        append_string "$section" trustedip "-V"
        append_string "$section" tls "-Y"
        append_string "$section" tlsciphersuite "-J"

        append_bool "$section" uploadscript "-o"
        append_bool "$section" natmode "-N"
        append_bool "$section" autorename "-r"
        append_bool "$section" nochmod "-R"
        append_bool "$section" antiwarez "-s"
        append_bool "$section" allowuserfxp "-w"
        append_bool "$section" allowanonymousfxp "-W"
        append_bool "$section" prohibitdotfileswrite "-x"
        append_bool "$section" prohibitdotfilesread "-X"
        append_bool "$section" allowdotfiles "-z"
        append_bool "$section" customerproof "-Z"
        append_bool "$section" anonymouscantupload "-i"
        append_bool "$section" createhomedir "-j"
        append_bool "$section" keepallfiles "-K"
        append_bool "$section" norename "-G"
        append_bool "$section" dontresolve "-H"
        append_bool "$section" verboselog "-d"
        append_bool "$section" displaydotfiles "-D"
        append_bool "$section" anonymousonly "-e"
        append_bool "$section" brokenclientscompatibility "-b"
        append_bool "$section" notruncate "-0"
        append_bool "$section" logpid "-1"
        append_bool "$section" ipv4only "-4"
        append_bool "$section" ipv6only "-6"

        append_string "$section" bind "-S"
        append_string "$section" login "-l"

        append_bool "$section" noanonymous "-E"
        append_bool "$section" chrooteveryone "-A"
        append_string "$section" maxclientsperip "-c"
        append_string "$section" maxclientsnumber "-C"
        append_string "$section" peruserlimits "-y"
        append_string "$section" umask "-U"

        append_string "$section" port "-S"
        append_string "$section" authentication "-l"

        service_start /usr/sbin/pure-ftpd -B $args
}

start() {
        config_load "pure-ftpd"
        config_foreach start_instance "pure-ftpd"
}

stop() {
        service_stop /usr/sbin/pure-ftpd
}

From what you can read you can tell the initialization scripts translates switches like "-k" into human readable config options and all the available switches are shown above.

To control Pure-FTPd the commands are as follow

Syntax: /etc/init.d/pure-ftpd [command]

Available commands:
        start   Start the service
        stop    Stop the service
        restart Restart the service
        reload  Reload configuration files (or restart if that fails)
        enable  Enable service autostart
        disable Disable service autostart

Eg: To start Pure-FTPd run
/etc/init.d/pure-ftpd start

It is that simple so CLI isn't really as difficult as most imagine.

Pure-FTPd also uses 2 database file as access-control lists they are located at
/etc/pureftpd.passwd 
(This is like your UNIX passwd file except it is for Pure-FTPd it contains user accounts, shell etc)
/etc/pureftpd.pdb
(It is Pure-FTPd database file I like to think of it as your UNIX shadow file)

First you add a system user and system group as a default account on UNIX that Pure-FTPd will create virtual user from.

addgroup pure_ftpd_grp #or any othername as you want

adduser -H -G pure_ftpd_grp pure_ftpd_user #adds user to previously created group - change groupname accordingly, afterwards you will be asked for password for user (-H indicates that I don't want to assign home directory - if you want to you need to change -H to -h /homedirectory)
For me I assign the home directory to the directory I want to be logging from FTP.
FTP will fail if the directory change permission is not correct so you need to set it to the right directory.

Next you add the virtual user to Pure-FTPd Access Control

pure-pw useradd FTP_LOGIN -u pure_ftpd_user -d /ftp_directory #change FTP_LOGIN, pure_ftpd_user and /ftp_directory as you wish (pure_ftpd_user is same as you created in previous step). I set the same directory as above.

To see the Pure-FTPd accounts use the commands

pure-pw useradd <login> [-f <passwd file>] -u <uid> [-g <gid>]
                -D/-d <home directory> [-c <gecos>]
                [-t <download bandwidth>] [-T <upload bandwidth>]
                [-n <max number of files>] [-N <max Mbytes>]
                [-q <upload ratio>] [-Q <download ratio>]
                [-r <allow client ip>/<mask>] [-R <deny client ip>/<mask>]
                [-i <allow local ip>/<mask>] [-I <deny local ip>/<mask>]
                [-y <max number of concurrent sessions>]
                [-z <hhmm>-<hhmm>] [-m]

pure-pw usermod <login> -f <passwd file> -u <uid> [-g <gid>]
                -D/-d <home directory> -[c <gecos>]
                [-t <download bandwidth>] [-T <upload bandwidth>]
                [-n <max number of files>] [-N <max Mbytes>]
                [-q <upload ratio>] [-Q <download ratio>]
                [-r <allow client ip>/<mask>] [-R <deny client ip>/<mask>]
                [-i <allow local ip>/<mask>] [-I <deny local ip>/<mask>]
                [-y <max number of concurrent sessions>]
                [-z <hhmm>-<hhmm>] [-m]

pure-pw userdel <login> [-f <passwd file>] [-m]

pure-pw passwd  <login> [-f <passwd file>] [-m]

pure-pw show    <login> [-f <passwd file>]

pure-pw mkdb    [<puredb database file> [-f <passwd file>]]
                [-F <puredb file>]

pure-pw list    [-f <passwd file>]

-d <home directory> : chroot user (recommended)
-D <home directory> : don't chroot user
-<option> '' : set this option to unlimited
-m : also update the /etc/pureftpd.pdb database
For a 1:10 ratio, use -q 1 -Q 10
To allow access only between 9 am and 6 pm, use -z 0900-1800

Every time you modify the FTP Accounts you need to run pure-pw mkdb to apply the changes.

Now we edit the Pure-FTPd config file at /etc/config/pure-ftpd

vi /etc/config/pure-ftpd

I will provide you a sample so you don't have to read about all the options and what are they used for.

config pure-ftpd

        option port             '21'
        option noanonymous      '1'
        option chrooteveryone   '1'
        option maxclientsperip  '20'
        option maxclientsnumber '40'
        option umask            '133:022'
        option authentication   'unix'
        option enabled          '1'
        option passiveportrange '1985:2000'
        option tls              '1'
        option daemonize        '1'
        option authentication   'puredb:/etc/pureftpd.pdb'
        option prohibitdotfileswrite '1'
        option prohibitdotfilesread '1'
        option userbandwidth '50:50'
#       option natmode '1'
#       option brokenclientscompatibility' '1'

Basically this runs pure-ftpd on Port 21 with passive ports from 1985-2000 with anonymous login disabled, tls set on optional (if client request it will provide if not just unencrypted communication).
The default directory is chrooted which means user cannot change from their default directory to /.
The # comments out lines, it should only be enabled if there are incompatibilities with the firewalls and clients. After you get good at FTP you might want to tweak the bandwidth and number of connections and other advance settings for more performance.

Next we will do TLS encryption

You have to generate a self-signed certification using OpenSSL, you should do it on the PC and copy the certificate to the router unless you are a masochist to want to do it on a 400MHZ MIPS Processor.

To generate the certificate run on your PC (with OpenSSL installed) run 

openssl req -x509 -days 365 -nodes -newkey rsa:1024 -keyout [Destination Directory]/pure-ftpd.pem -out [Destination Directory]/pure-ftpd.pem

You can use days to specify how long before the self-signed certificate expire.

This will create a certificate file called pure-ftpd.pem for TLS in the destination directory.

Note the destination directory has to be the SAME.

Pure-FTPd reads the TLS certificate in /etc/ssl/private so we make a directory there as is it is not created by default

mkdir -p /etc/ssl/private

Then we Upload the file to the router to the directory we created.You should have /etc/ssl/private/pure-ftpd.pem This is location where Pure-FTPd will try to find a certificate to use for TLS communication if any.

Then we change the file permission

chmod 600 /etc/ssl/private/pure-ftpd.pem

Finally we have to open the ports on the firewall to allow FTP communication.

Note there are 2 types of ports we need to open FTP Active Ports and Passive Ports.
We do it via LuCI GUI, go to Network -> Firewall -> Traffic Rules and Add the following Ruleset

Save and Apply.

Finally we restart Pure-FTPd so it will relaunch with the correct settings.
/etc/init.d/pureftpd restart

So now you need an FTP Client. On Web Browsers like Firefox there is a client built in by default.
To utilise TLS encryption you have to use better clients, I recommend FileZilla.
You specify TLS in the Connection Options.

  
You have to get a Dynamic DNS address to reverse lookup your Router's external IP Address.
There are free and paid options for home users free is usually good enough.
AFRAID @ http://freedns.afraid.org/ is a good Free Dynamic DNS Address Provider(Funny name though =) ).
It allows numerous domains for you to choose from.

Again DDNS Updating Scripts is built into my 3.25 Kernel Trunk Router's Image by default but I will not be writing about setting up Dynamic DNS records (I modified the DDNS scripts to support HTTPS (by skipping checks) default OpenWRT DDNS does not have that).

You should be able to login to your FTP Server from everywhere on Earth from the Internet in both Active and Passive Modes provided your workplace does not block FTP ports if so simply change port 21 to one of the unblock ports.

Hopefully my guide is simple enough for you to understand how to setup an FTP server on OpenWRT.

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Realtek Driver Mod

For a while there has been a Realtek Driver Mod for Realtek Audio Codec Only.
This Mod enables better Audio by utilizing the X-Fi Software.
I find this mod especially effective on laptops with very low power speakers like the Acer Aspire 3810 Timeline Laptops.

Pre-Requesites:

• Windows Vista/7 and above
• Local Administrative Permission on the System

The Mod requires the use of a Malware Vector to generate the crack that affects only Delphi Files so Delphi Developers should use with caution, it should not affect most other users. It is not a trojan/worm.
If you don't trust the software do not use it.

Step 1:
Download the Files and uninstall existing Realtek Sound Drivers if any.

Step 2:
Extract and Install the Modified Realtek Drivers (they are not WHQL) using the AsusSetup Executable.

Step 3:
Reboot

Step 4:
Extract and Install the X-Fi Software.

Step 5:
Reboot

Step 6:
Right Click on the Sound Blaster Panel icon on the System Tray,
choose Select Audio Device and Select SB-XFi MB2.

Step 7:
Reboot and enter Safe Mode by pressing F8 rapidly during reboot.

Step 8:
Extract the activator, find the .bat file, Right Click on it and Choose Run As Administrator.
Open the Folder C:\ProgramData\Creative\SoftwareLock
Check that the following files below are created:
CTD1JXF23A.kga
CTD5H2W3DK.kga
CTL42SW23M.kga
CTL52C6FE2.kga
CTLD14KLI5.kga
CTLD2JX234.kga
CTLE2C3BA1.kga
CTLP22SV21.kga
CTT78HSK12.kga
CTT92KD23N.kga

Step 9:
Delete all the zip files and folders you don't need(Clean Up), Reboot and Enjoy.

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Hacking TP-Link WR1043ND Part 4

To Tweak the OpenWRT for Pure Performance there is no other way than editing config files from Terminal so I hope you actually read Part 3 before.
There are 4 parts to Tweaking the Performance

1. Wireless Performance
2. Wired Performance
3. Web Performance
4. QoS (Quality Of Service)

Tweaking Wireless Performance:

Setting to Wireless N with G backward compatibility

The TP-Link WR1043ND Hardware has a 3 Transmit 3 Receive Radio that is only Single Band with 20/40MHZ  Frequency. It has Wireless B/G/N Capability.
To fully understand WiFi Standards you need to read up on IEEE 802.11 standards.
We start by tweaking the Radio.

Wireless N allows backward compatibility with B and G, you need to set it to 802.11g+n.
You can do this by logging into the Router via Putty using vi editor edit the file called "wireless" in /etc/config/, or do it in LuCI Web Interface(Router Config Page).

Adjusting Channel Width:

Next you need to make sure the Router is using 40MHZ Channel Width, this will allow greater throughput.
You can do this by logging into the Router via Putty using vi editor edit the file called "wireless" in /etc/config/

config 'wifi-device' 'radio0'
        option 'type' 'mac80211'
        option 'channel' '7'
        option 'macaddr' 'XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX'
        option 'hwmode' '11ng' #Wireless G and N Modes
        option 'htmode' 'HT40-' # Set to 2.4GHZ 40MHZ Fat Lower(-) Channel

        option 'noscan' '1' # Enable neighbour 'unfriendly' WiFi Settings

        option 'country' 'US'
        list 'ht_capab' 'SHORT-GI-40'
        list 'ht_capab' 'DSSS_CCK-40'
        option 'disabled' '0'

        option 'txpower' '24'

config 'wifi-iface'
        option 'device' 'radio0'
        option 'network' 'lan'
        option 'mode' 'ap'
        option 'ssid' 'Your_SSID_Here'
        option 'encryption' 'psk2'
        option 'key' 'your_secret_key_here'
       

Note that there are 2 htmodes, HT40+ and HT40- you set them based on the channel available. If you set it wrongly you have to log in to the router via Ethernet Cable and change it back.
By rights 'htmode' is not allowed if there are competing BSSID using that channel (the good neighbor regulation), but you can override that with 'noscan' option. There is also a distance optimization setting which I tested the best values at 20-25.

Below is a graph displaying the difference between 40MHZ Channel Width and 20MHZ Channel Width.
Note that you can define more than 1 Access Point on OpenWRT. You can configure a Second AP as Guest and Fire-walling it from your own LAN.

Higher TXPower (Transmit Power)

Transmit Power allows you to resize the cell. Max Value is 24 only works with US regulatory settings.
You can also try placing the Wireless Router at a higher position for better signal strength.

Tweaking Wired Performance:

Next you need to make sure the Router Ethernet Performance is adjusted by changing the sysctl variable this will allow greater throughput.
You can do this by logging into the Router via Putty using vi editor edit the file called "sysctl.conf" in /etc/

kernel.panic=3
# The following 3 lines helps to ensure Router will always have
# sufficient memory and will not crash during samba file copy
vm.vfs_cache_pressure=1000
vm.min_free_kbytes=4099
vm.swappiness=0
net.ipv4.conf.default.arp_ignore=1
net.ipv4.conf.all.arp_ignore=1
net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts=0
net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses=1
net.ipv4.tcp_ecn=0
net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout=30
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time=120
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies=1
net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps=1
net.core.netdev_max_backlog=5000
net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_checksum=0
net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_max=32768
net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_tcp_timeout_established=3600
net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_udp_timeout=60
net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_udp_timeout_stream=180
# Use ipv6
net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding=1

# disable bridge firewalling by default
#net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-arptables=0
#net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables=0
#net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables=0
# Increase TCP max buffer size setable using setsockopt()
# 2 MB might be enough for some very long end-to-end paths
net.core.rmem_max = 2097152
net.core.wmem_max = 2097152
# Increase Linux autotuning TCP buffer limits
# min, default, and max number of bytes to use
# (only change the 3rd value, and make it 2 MB or more)
net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 4096 87380 2097152
net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 4096 65536 2097152 

# The following 2 lines enable ipv6 privacy mode
net.ipv6.conf.all.use_tempaddr=2
net.ipv6.conf.default.use_tempaddr=2

All the TCP tweaks are derived from ESnet
Note: These tweaks are not found on OpenWRT How Tos, however I soon discovered that someone is working on bufferbloat hence the tweaks on buffersize should be approached with caution.


Also if you have a Windows File Share you want to tell the Router firewall not to monitor SAMBA Packets.
Windows Share also known as SAMBA in Linux uses the Port 445 so you need to tell OpenWRT to stop monitoring Packet Originating from LAN using Port 445.

Tweaking Web Performance:
Web Peformance typically require a lot of DNS Look up so you want to tell OpenWRT to use the Fastest DNS Server available.
You can do this by logging into the Router via Putty using vi editor edit the file called "dnsmasq.conf" in /etc/ or do it in the file /etc/config/dhcp
and add the fastest DNS Server closest to you.
Add the Line Below and change the IP of the server to YOUR fastest DNS Server. My Fastest DNS Servers may not be your Fastest DNS Server.

dhcp-option=6,165.21.83.88,8.8.8.8,208.67.222.222

Blue is a Singapore ISP DNS Server, Green is Google DNS Server, Red is OpenDNS Server.
There is no limit of the number of DNS Server you can set on OpenWRT

Quality of Service                    

What is Quality of Service?
Quality of Service makes it so that during torrenting, your webpages doesn't take a long time to load even though you are on a 1Mbps Connection.
It does this by prioritizing network traffic, putting webpage network packets in higher importance than torrent packets.
The step to installing QoS is logging into the Router via Putty then

opkg install luci-app-qos

You set the QoS by setting the Port the Network Originate from and the Priority. Or you can set layer 7 filter to detect torrent traffic. Note that Layer 7 filtering is processor intensive activity and might cause the routing performance of the router to drop.

Hopefully you learn a lot from this series of blog post and enjoy the high performance of your Modified Router running on OpenSource Software.
If you run a Windows Share Server when you place the laptop beside the router and do a copy you should be getting insane WiFi Speeds @ 150Mbps at 5m line of sight
Let the numbers speak for themselves!

In case you modified the wrong config files and got lock out the fail safe mode is here.

If you are interested I have a OpenWRT built for TL-WR1043ND that I use personally myself. It is optimized to my satisfaction for pure performance.
You can get it here.
If you actually tried my firmware you will find that all the tweaks I listed above have been already added to the firmware defaults so there is nothing additional to tweak.

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Hacking TP-Link WR1043ND Part 3

I will only be posting HOW-TO not found in OpenWRT Pages, if you need to config a particular setting please refer to the Well-Documented OpenWRT HOW-TOs here.
Useful Wiki on OpenWRT include

• Getting 3G Modem working
• VPN (not complete)
• Files and Settings
• NFS Network FileSharing

It is troublesome/pointless to rewrite well-documented resources.
Reading the How-To is a must have for all OpenWRT newbies!

First you need to set a Router Config Page Login Password.
Otherwise the SSH ports will not be open for you to configure and upload files to it.
Open Web Browser, Enter "192.168.1.1" in URL Bar.
Then follow the picture below:

From here onward is to demostrate how to login and use the Router like a Linux Terminal Computer.
It makes little sense not to leverage on the Compute Capabilities of Linux after using a more powerful third party firmware.
OpenWRT assumes users know Linux Terminal KungFu hence it is intimidating to those who don't.
Hopefully after reading this you will pick up some Terminal KungFu.
_______________________________________________
Upload Files to Router using SCP

______________________________
SSH (Login) into Router

Basic Linux Commands in OpenWRT

• "ls" - List Files in Existing Folder
• "dmesg" - Display System(Router) diagnostic message 
• "pwd" - Display Present Working Directory
• "opkg" - OpenWRT Package Installer 
• "opkg install package" to install a software call "package"
• "opkg remove package" to uninstall a software call "package"
• "opkg list-install" to list all installed software"
• "opkg update" to update list of package available in the OpenWRT Repository the router needs to be connected to the internet before you can update
• "opkg" to display all possible commands
• "wifi" to restart Wireless Radio
• "ifup/down" to start or stop a Particular Interface
• "ifup wan" to start WAN interface
• "ifdown wan" to stop WAN interface
• "ifup lan" to start LAN interface
• "ifdown lan" to stop LAN interface
• "cd" to change directory
• "cd .." to go up 1 level (Exit the folder)
• "cd /" to go to Root Directory 
• "cd /tmp/ to go to tmp directory (If you want to go to a specific directory type "cd /tm" then press Tab to auto complete the name of the folder useful if the name of the folder is very very long
• "vi" Text Editor
• eg. to Edit a file call "network" in folder "/etc/config/" type "vi /etc/config/network"
• The default mode in VI is view mode to display text files
• To enter/delete Text in vi press "i" to Enter insert mode and type to enter backspace to delete
• To delete a particular line of text in vi Press "Esc" go to the line using arrow then enter "dd" twice and the line disappears
• To save a file press "Esc" then ":w" (w stands for write)
• To exit VI press "Esc" then ":q" (q stands for quit)
• To exit without saving  press "Esc" then ":q!" (! stands for "I don't care just do it !)
• To exit with saving  press "Esc" then ":wq"
• "reboot" to restart Router
• "cp" - copy eg to copy a file called "network" from inside /tmp/ to /etc/config"      

"cp /tmp/network /etc/config/network"

• Syntax as follows: cp <source> <destination>
• "rm" - Delete a particular file
• "wget" -Download file from Internet (Must be connected to Internet first, make sure the file size doesn't exceed the the total memory of the router)

The list of commands is actually quite a chunk, you should read up on Linux Shell if you are interested.

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